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Lutas de classes na Rússia

Penned By Karl Marx
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Lutas de classes na Rússia

Penned By Karl Marx
4.85 24,102 Ratings
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Editor's Note:
Com Lutas de classes na Rússia, volume inédito de escritos de Marx e Engels sobre a Rússia, o leitor tem acesso a aspectos da obra de Marx e de Engels pouco conhecidos e estudados. Para o sociólogo Michael Löwy, que organiza a seleção de textos, escritos entre 1875 e 1894, e assina a introdução, o livro evidencia “uma verdadeira ‘virada’ metodológica, política e estratégica, que antecipa, de forma surpreendente, os movimentos revolucionários do século XX”. Para ajudar na leitura, a obra traz notas e explicações extraídas do programa alemão de recuperação dos manuscritos de Marx e Engels, a MEGA-2. Ao discutir as comunas rurais e as características específicas da Rússia no século XIX, Marx e Engels desenvolvem um arcabouço interpretativo avesso à tendência economicista e eurocêntrica que estigmatizou o dito “marxismo vulgar”. Nas palavras de Milton Pinheiro, que assina a orelha do livro, Lutas de classes na Rússia “abre uma nova perspectiva de pesquisa para a reflexão marxista”. Para Löwy, os escritos que compõem este volume apresentam além da coerência temática – quase um prenúncio às bases sociais da futura Revolução Russa –, uma singular unidade “filosófica”: salientam uma dialética revolucionária essencialmente em ruptura com a ideologia burguesa do progresso, sugerindo uma concepção da história “perfeitamente herética” em relação à Segunda Internacional. Lutas de classes na Rússia é ainda de especial interesse para o público leitor brasileiro na medida em que inova na compreensão da condição periférica. A partir de sua “Carta à redação da Otechestvenye Zapiski”, de 1877, Marx esboça uma perspectiva dialética e policêntrica, que admite uma multiplicidade de formas de transformação histórica, e, sobretudo, a possibilidade de que as revoluções sociais modernas comecem à margem do sistema capitalista e não, como afirmavam alguns de seus escritos anteriores, no centro. A pedra de toque desta edição é um raro texto do historiador, filólogo e militante marxista ucraniano David Riazanov (David Borissovitch Goldendach). Louvado por Milton Pinheiro como “um registro histórico de magistral envergadura”, o texto discute a troca de cartas entre Marx e a revolucionária Vera Ivanovna Zasulitch. Fortemente impressionado com sua interlocutora russa, Marx preparou quatro esboços – todos incluídos nesta edição – antes de redigir sua resposta, em 1881. Discutindo a relação entre O capital e a situação russa, Marx desvincula a revolução socialista de um patamar necessário de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, ao afirmar que seus estudos sobre a acumulação primitiva feitos para O capital dizem respeito ao percurso histórico da Europa ocidental, em particular da Inglaterra. A carta, no entanto, nunca chegou a sua destinatária e tem uma história extraordinária: desde a descoberta, por Riazanov, dos esboços entre os papeis de Paul Lafargue, o genro de Marx, passando por Georgi Plekhanov, até ser encontrada, em 1923, pelo historiador russo Boris Nicolaievski, dentre os papéis do então falecido Pavel Axelrod. O documento, de inestimável valor, deve ser considerado, segundo Maximilien Rubel, um verdadeiro “testamento político” de Marx, uma vez que se trata efetivamente de um de seus últimos escritos antes de morrer, em 1883. Lutas de classes na Rússia marca a 17a publicação da coleção Marx-Engels, parte do ambicioso projeto de traduzir toda a obra dos pensadores alemães a partir do idioma original, com o auxílio de especialistas renomados. Trechos do livro “Em diferentes pontos de O capital fiz alusão ao destino que tiveram os plebeus da antiga Roma. Eles eram originalmente camponeses livres que cultivavam, cada qual pela própria conta, suas referidas parcelas. No decurso da história romana, acabaram expropriados. O mesmo movimento que os separa de seus meios de produção e de subsistência implica não somente a formação da grande propriedade fundiária, mas também a formação dos grandes capitais monetários. Assim sendo, numa bela manhã (eis aí), de um lado homens livres, desprovidos de tudo menos de sua força de trabalho, e do outro, para explorar o trabalho daqueles, os detentores de todas as riquezas adquiridas. O que aconteceu? Os proletários romanos não se converteram em trabalhadores assalariados, mas numa “mob [turba]” desocupada, ainda mais abjetos do que os assim chamados “poor whites [brancos pobres]” dos estados sulistas dos Estados Unidos, e ao lado deles se desenvolve um modo de produção que não é capitalista, mas escravagista. Portanto, acontecimentos de uma analogia que salta aos olhos, mas que se passam em ambientes históricos diferentes, levando a resultados totalmente díspares. Quando se estuda cada uma dessas evoluções à parte, comparando-as em seguida, pode-se encontrar facilmente a chave desse fenômeno. Contudo, jamais se chegará a isso tendo como chave-mestra uma teoria histórico-filosófica geral, cuja virtude suprema consiste em ser supra-histórica.” - Karl Marx. Sobre...

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Length 168 Pages
Language Por
Imprint Boitempo
Released October, 2013
Identifier (ISBN) 18633394
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Karl Marx writes contemporary fiction and has always been fascinated by character-driven stories. They hold a degree in English Literature and previously worked as an editor before transitioning to writing their own books. Karl Marx lives with their spouse and a very vocal rescue cat.

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"Absolutely brilliant. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"I was completely blown away. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"Such a rich narrative. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. A true literary gem."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An effortless 5 stars."
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"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"Absolutely brilliant. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Linda Robinson
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"Not entirely to my refined tastes. Certain acts were fascinating, while others felt like a slight endeavor to complete. Unlikely to reread, but a reasonable expenditure of time."
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"A highly sophisticated read. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. A wonderful companion for a quiet weekend."
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"I was completely blown away. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"A highly sophisticated read. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. A very distinguished novel."
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"Masterpiece from start to finish. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"Masterpiece from start to finish. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. A true literary gem."
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"Masterpiece from start to finish. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"Excellent, though slightly flawed. The protagonist was compelling, though some subplots felt slightly overshadowed. A wonderful companion for a quiet weekend."
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Elizabeth Taylor June 29, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"Exceeded all my expectations. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An effortless 5 stars."
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Karen Adams November 26, 2025
"Excellent, though slightly flawed. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. A very distinguished novel."
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"I was completely blown away. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. Worth every moment spent reading."
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"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. Quite impressive overall."
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"Masterpiece from start to finish. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"Exceeded all my expectations. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"Such a rich narrative. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. A true literary gem."
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"A very strong entry. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
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"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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Barbara Garcia November 05, 2024
"Masterpiece from start to finish. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. A true literary gem."
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Amanda Campbell April 25, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Donald Evans
Donald Evans April 17, 2025
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
George Collins
George Collins February 02, 2024
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. Worth every moment spent reading."
Cynthia Mitchell
Cynthia Mitchell January 09, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Laura King
Laura King October 17, 2025
"A profoundly satisfying read. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. Worth every moment spent reading."
Joshua King
Joshua King March 27, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. A true literary gem."
Ashley Rodriguez
Ashley Rodriguez April 02, 2025
"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. A very distinguished novel."
Jessica  Davis
Jessica Davis February 10, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Lisa Collins
Lisa Collins June 02, 2024
"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. A solid 4 stars from me."
Gary Lewis
Gary Lewis February 10, 2025
"A profoundly satisfying read. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. An effortless 5 stars."
George Collins
George Collins July 13, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Jennifer Cruz
Jennifer Cruz April 03, 2024
"Masterpiece from start to finish. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. Worth every moment spent reading."
Sharon Anderson
Sharon Anderson November 20, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
George Phillips
George Phillips June 18, 2024
"A very strong entry. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. A very distinguished novel."
Jessica Jones
Jessica Jones January 24, 2025
"I find myself somewhat conflicted. The tempo was somewhat languid, and I found my mind wandering. Not poor, simply average. Perhaps more aligned with a different audience's tastes."
Donald Baker
Donald Baker December 13, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. An effortless 5 stars."
Sandra Scott
Sandra Scott October 31, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. An effortless 5 stars."
Gary Lewis
Gary Lewis October 06, 2025
"A highly sophisticated read. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
Amanda Ramirez
Amanda Ramirez March 20, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
George Evans
George Evans November 18, 2024
"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
Carol Scott
Carol Scott January 03, 2025
"It was adequate. Certain acts were fascinating, while others felt like a slight endeavor to complete. Perhaps more aligned with a different audience's tastes."
Ashley Gomez
Ashley Gomez May 11, 2024
"Absolutely brilliant. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. An effortless 5 stars."
Joshua Nelson
Joshua Nelson January 16, 2024
"A profoundly satisfying read. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Anthony Miller
Anthony Miller September 18, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Amanda Edwards
Amanda Edwards October 18, 2024
"A profoundly satisfying read. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An effortless 5 stars."
Nicholas Adams
Nicholas Adams August 27, 2024
"An acceptable diversion. The tempo was somewhat languid, and I found my mind wandering. Not poor, simply average. Unlikely to reread, but a reasonable expenditure of time."
Karen White
Karen White July 11, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
Amanda Nelson
Amanda Nelson November 07, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Nicholas Adams
Nicholas Adams July 12, 2025
"I was completely blown away. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Gary Wright
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"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. Worth every moment spent reading."
Lisa Jackson
Lisa Jackson September 02, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An effortless 5 stars."
Charles Thompson
Charles Thompson December 18, 2024
"Such a rich narrative. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Steven Moore
Steven Moore August 10, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
Sharon Garcia
Sharon Garcia May 25, 2025
"A profoundly satisfying read. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. An effortless 5 stars."
Mary Brown
Mary Brown November 14, 2024
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. Worth every moment spent reading."
Michael Young
Michael Young June 23, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. A true literary gem."
Michelle Martin
Michelle Martin May 27, 2025
"A highly sophisticated read. The protagonist was compelling, though some subplots felt slightly overshadowed. A solid 4 stars from me."
Steven Robinson
Steven Robinson August 27, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Sandra Hall
Sandra Hall January 04, 2025
"I was completely blown away. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. Worth every moment spent reading."
Susan Rivera
Susan Rivera May 27, 2024
"Excellent, though slightly flawed. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. A solid 4 stars from me."
Eric Mitchell
Eric Mitchell May 07, 2025
"An acceptable diversion. Certain acts were fascinating, while others felt like a slight endeavor to complete. Perfectly average."
William Collins
William Collins October 12, 2025
"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. A solid 4 stars from me."
Robert White
Robert White October 27, 2024
"Exceeded all my expectations. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An effortless 5 stars."
Christopher Lee
Christopher Lee January 01, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. Worth every moment spent reading."
Kevin Young
Kevin Young January 15, 2024
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
Melissa Reyes
Melissa Reyes January 03, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Charles Phillips
Charles Phillips October 21, 2024
"Such a rich narrative. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. A true literary gem."
Michael Ramirez
Michael Ramirez September 22, 2025
"A very strong entry. The protagonist was compelling, though some subplots felt slightly overshadowed. Quite impressive overall."
Patricia Miller
Patricia Miller October 25, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Sharon Nguyen
Sharon Nguyen January 10, 2024
"Exceeded all my expectations. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. A true literary gem."
Kenneth Cruz
Kenneth Cruz May 13, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An effortless 5 stars."
Ashley Turner
Ashley Turner July 16, 2025
"Excellent, though slightly flawed. The protagonist was compelling, though some subplots felt slightly overshadowed. Quite impressive overall."
Laura Rivera
Laura Rivera October 13, 2024
"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. A wonderful companion for a quiet weekend."
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